„Handbook of Intelligence Studies” (JOHNSON 2007)

 

 

Loch K. Johnson is Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of

Georgia. His books include Secret Agencies (1996); Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs (2000); Strategic Intelligence (2004, co-edited with James J. Wirtz); Who’s Watching the Spies? (2005, co-authored with Hans Born and Ian Leigh); American Foreign Policy (2005, co-authored with Daniel Papp and John Endicott); and Seven Sins of American Foreign Policy (2007).

 

List of figures and tables viii

Notes on contributors ix

Glossary xiii

 

Introduction 1

Loch K. Johnson.

 

Part 1: The study of intelligence

1 Sources and methods for the study of intelligence 17

Michael Warner

2 The American approach to intelligence studies 28

James J. Wirtz

3 The historiography of the FBI 39

Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones

4 Intelligence ethics: laying a foundation for the second oldest profession 52

Michael Andregg

 

Part 2: The evolution of modern intelligence

5 The accountability of security and intelligence agencies 67

Ian Leigh

6 “Knowing the self, knowing the other”: the comparative analysis of security

intelligence 82

Peter Gill

7 US patronage of German postwar intelligence 91

Wolfgang Krieger

 

Part 3: The intelligence cycle and the search for information: planning,

collecting, and processing

8 The technical collection of intelligence 105

Jeffrey T. Richelson

9 Human source intelligence 118

Frederick P. Hitz

10 Open source intelligence 129

Robert David Steele

11 Adapting intelligence to changing issues 148

Paul R. Pillar

12 The challenges of economic intelligence 163

Minh A. Luong

 

Part 4: The intelligence cycle and the crafting of intelligence reports:

analysis and dissemination

13 Strategic warning: intelligence support in a world of uncertainty and surprise 173

Jack Davis

14 Achieving all-source fusion in the Intelligence Community 189

Richard L. Russell

15 Adding value to the intelligence product 199

Stephen Marrin

16 Analysis for strategic intelligence 211

John Hollister Hedley

 

Part 5: Counterintelligence and covert action

17 Cold War intelligence defectors 229

Nigel West

18 Counterintelligence failures in the United States 237

Stan A. Taylor

19 Émigré intelligence reporting: sifting fact from fiction 253

Mark Stout

20 Linus Pauling: a case study in counterintelligence run amok 269

Kathryn S. Olmsted

21 The role of covert action 279

William J. Daugherty

22 The future of covert action 289

John Prados

 

PART 6: Intelligence accountability

23 Intelligence oversight in the UK: the case of Iraq 301

Mark Phythian

24 Intelligence accountability: challenges for parliaments and intelligence services 315

Hans Born and Thorsten Wetzling

25 Intelligence and the rise of judicial intervention 329

Fred F. Manget

26 A shock theory of congressional accountability for intelligence 343

Loch K. Johnson

 

Appendices 361

A The US Intelligence Community (IC), 2006 363

B Leadership of the US Intelligence Community (IC), 1947–2006 364

C The intelligence cycle 366

Select Bibliography 367

Index 371

 

Figures

10.1 Relationship between open and classified information operations 131

10.2 Information continuum and the Seven Tribes 132

10.3 OSINT relevance to global security threats 134

10.4 OSINT and the four levels of analysis 136

10.5 OSINT as a transformative catalyst for reform 137

10.6 Fundamental functions for online analysis 139

10.7 World Brain operational planning group virtual private network 140

10.8 Standard OSINT cell 144

24.1 Best practice to ensure ownership over parliamentary intelligence oversight

procedures 319

24.2 Best practice aimed at creating “embedded human rights” 322

24.3 Best practice to ensure the political neutrality of the services 324

26.1 The dominant pattern of intelligence oversight by lawmakers, 1975–2006 344

 

Tables

6.1 A map for theorising and researching intelligence 87

18.1 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Surveillance Orders issued annually 248

26.1 Type of stimulus and intelligence oversight response by US lawmakers, 1975–2006 347

26.2 The frequency of low- and high-threshold intelligence alarms, 1941–2006 349

 

Michael Andregg is a professor at the University of St Thomas in St Paul, Minnesota.

Hans Born is a Senior Fellow in Democratic Governance of the Security Sector at the

Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF). He holds a Ph.D. and is

a guest lecturer on civil–military relations at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in

Zurich and on governing nuclear weapons at the United Nations Disarmament Fellowship

Programme.

William J. Daugherty holds a Ph.D. in government from the Claremont Graduate School and

is Associate Professor of Government at Armstrong Atlantic State University in Savannah,

Georgia. A retired senior officer in the CIA, he is the author of In the Shadow of the Ayatollah:

A CIA Hostage in Iran (Annapolis, 2001) and Executive Secrets: Covert Action & the Presidency

(Kentucky, 2004).

Jack Davis served in the CIA from 1956 to 1990, as analyst and manager and teacher of

analysts. He now is an Independent Contractor with the Agency, specializing in analytic

methodology. He is a frequent contributor to the journal Studies in Intelligence.

Peter Gill is Professor of Politics and Security, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool,

United Kingdom. He is co-author of Introduction to Politics (1988, 2nd ed.) and Intelligence in an Insecure World (2006). He is currently researching into the control and oversight of domestic

security in intelligence agencies.

John Hollister Hedley, during more than thirty years at CIA, edited the President’s Daily Brief,

briefed the PDB at the White House, served as Managing Editor of the National Intelligence

Daily, and was Chairman of CIA’s Publications Review Board. Now retired, Dr Hedley

has taught intelligence at Georgetown University and serves as a consultant to the National

Intelligence Council and the Center for the Study of Intelligence.

Frederick P. Hitz is a Lecturer (Diplomat in Residence) in Public and International Affairs,

Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University.

Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones is Professor of American History at the University of Edinburgh. The

author of several books on intelligence history, he is currently completing a study of the FBI.

Loch K. Johnson is Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of

Georgia and author of several books and over 100 articles on US intelligence and national

security. His books include The Making of International Agreements (1984); A Season of Inquiry

(1985); Through the Straits of Armageddon (1987, co-edited with Paul Diehl), Decisions of the Highest Order (1988, co-edited with Karl F. Inderfurth); America’s Secret Power (1989); Runoff Elections in the United States (1993, co-authored with Charles S. Bullock, III); America As a World Power (1995); Secret Agencies (1996); Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs (2000); Fateful Decisions (2004, coedited with Karl F. Inderfurth); Strategic Intelligence (2004, co-edited with James J. Wirtz); Who’s Watching the Spies? (2005, co-authored with Hans Born and Ian Leigh); American Foreign Policy (2005, co-authored with Daniel Papp and John Endicott); and Seven Sins of American Foreign Policy (2007). He has served as Special Assistant to the chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1975–76), Staff Director of the House Subcommittee on Intelligence Oversight (1977–79), and Special Assistant to the chair of the Aspin-Brown Commission on Intelligence (1995–1996). He is the Senior Editor of the international journal Intelligence and National Security.

Wolfgang Krieger is Professor of History at Philipps University in Marburg, Germany, and

a frequent contributor to the international journal Intelligence and National Security.

Ian Leigh is Professor of Law and the co-director of the Human Rights Centre at the

University of Durham. His books include In From the Cold: National Security and Parliamentary Democracy (1994, with Laurence Lustgarten); Making Intelligence Accountable (2005, with Hans Born); and Who’s Watching the Spies (2005, with Loch K. Johnson and Hans Born).

Minh A. Luong is Assistant Director of International Security Studies at Yale University

where he teaches in the Department of History. He also serves as an adjunct Assistant Professor

of Public Policy at the Taubman Center at Brown University.

Fred Manget is a member of the Senior Intelligence Service and a former Deputy General

Counsel of the CIA.

Stephen Marrin is an Assistant Professor of Intelligence Studies at Mercyhurst College. He

previously served as an analyst in the CIA and the Government Accountability Office.

Kathryn S. Olmsted is Professor of History at the University of California, Davis. She holds a

B.A. degree with Honors and Distinction in History from Stanford University, and a M.A. and

Ph.D. in History from the University of California, Davis. She is author of Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (University of North Carolina Press, 1996) and Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (University of North Carolina Press, 2002).

Mark Phythian is Professor of International Security and Director of the History and Governance Research Institute at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. He is the

author of Intelligence in an Insecure World (2006, with Peter Gill), The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 (2000), and Arming Iraq (1997), as well as numerous journal articles on intelligence and security issues.

Paul R. Pillar is on the faculty of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University.

Concluding a long career in the CIA, he served as National Intelligence Officer for the Near

East and South Asia from 2000 to 2005.

John Prados is an analyst of national security based in Washington, DC. He holds a Ph.D. from

Columbia University and focuses on presidential power, international relations, intelligence and

military affairs. He is a project director with the National Security Archive. Prados is author of

a dozen books, and editor of others, among them titles on World War II, the Vietnam War,

intelligence matters, and military affairs, including Hoodwinked: The Documents That Reveal How Bush Sold Us a War, Inside the Pentagon Papers (edited with Margaret Pratt-Porter), Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of U.S. Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby, White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the President (edited), America Responds to Terrorism (edited), The Hidden History of the Vietnam War, Operation Vulture, The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II Through the Persian Gulf, Keepers of the Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush, and The Soviet Estimate: U.S.Intelligence and Soviet Strategic Forces, among others. His current book is Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA.

Jeffrey T. Richelson is a Senior Fellow with the National Security Archive in Washington,

DC, and author of The Wizards of Langley, The US Intelligence Community, A Century of Spies, and America’s Eyes in Space, as well as numerous articles on intelligence activities. He received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Rochester and has taught at the University of

Texas, Austin, and the American University, Washington, DC.

Richard L. Russell is Professor of National Security Studies at the National Defense University.

He is also an adjunct Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program and Research

Associate in the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University. He previously

served as a CIA political-military analyst. Russell is the author of Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East: Strategic Contest (2005).

Robert David Steele (Vivas) is CEO of OSS.Net, Inc., an international open source intelligence

provider. As the son of an oilman, a Marine Corps infantry officer, and a clandestine

intelligence case officer for the Central Intelligence Agency, he has spent over twenty years

abroad, in Asia and Central and South America. As a civilian intelligence officer he spent three

back-to-back tours overseas, including one tour as one of the first officers assigned full time to

terrorism, and three headquarters tours in offensive counterintelligence, advanced information

technology, and satellite program management. He resigned from the CIA in 1988 to be the

senior civilian founder of the Marine Corps Intelligence Command. He resigned from the

Marines in 1993. He is the author of four works on intelligence, as well as the editor of a book

on peacekeeping intelligence. He has earned graduate degrees in International Relations

and Public Administration, is a graduate of the Naval War College, and has a certificate in

Intelligence Policy. He is also a graduate of the Marine Corps Command and Staff Course, and

of the CIA’s Mid-Career Course 101.

Mark Stout is a defense analyst at a think-tank in the Washington DC area. Previously, he

has served in a variety of positions in the Defense Department, the State Department, and the

CIA. He has a bachelor’s degree from Stanford University (1986) in Political Science and

Mathematical and Computational Science, and a master’s degree in Public Policy from the John

F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (1988). He is presently pursuing a

Ph.D. in military history with the University of Leeds.

Stan A. Taylor is an Emeritus Professor of Political Science at Brigham Young University in

Provo, Utah. He has taught in England, Wales, and New Zealand and in 2006 was a visiting

professor at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. He is founder of the David M.

Kennedy Center for International Studies at Brigham Young University. He writes frequently

on intelligence, national security, and US foreign policy.

Michael Warner serves as the Historian for the Office of the Director of National

Intelligence.

Nigel West is a military historian specializing in security and intelligence topics. He is the

European Editor of The World Intelligence Review and is on the faculty at the Center for

Counterintelligence and Security Studies in Washington, DC. He is the author of more than

two dozen works of non-fiction and most recently edited The Guy Liddell Diaries.

Thorsten Wetzling is a doctoral candidate at the Geneva Graduate Institute of International

Studies (IUHEI) and is writing his dissertation on international intelligence cooperation

and democratic accountability. He teaches seminars in political science and international

organization at the IUHEI.

James J. Wirtz is a Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval

Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. He is the Section Chair of the Intelligence Studies

Section of the International Studies Association, and President of the International Security

and Arms Control Section of the American Political Science Association. Professor Wirtz is the

series editor for Initiatives in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies, which is published by Palgrave Macmillan.