Loch K. Johnson is Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of
Georgia. His books include Secret
Agencies (1996); Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs (2000); Strategic Intelligence
(2004, co-edited with James J. Wirtz); Who’s Watching the Spies? (2005,
co-authored with Hans Born and Ian Leigh); American Foreign Policy (2005,
co-authored with Daniel Papp and John Endicott); and Seven Sins of American
Foreign Policy (2007).
List of figures
and tables viii
Notes on
contributors ix
Glossary xiii
Introduction 1
Loch K. Johnson.
Part 1: The
study of intelligence
1 Sources and methods for the
study of intelligence 17
Michael Warner
2 The American approach to
intelligence studies 28
James J. Wirtz
3 The historiography of the FBI
39
Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones
4 Intelligence ethics: laying a
foundation for the second oldest profession 52
Michael Andregg
Part 2: The
evolution of modern intelligence
5 The accountability of security
and intelligence agencies 67
Ian Leigh
6 “Knowing the self, knowing the
other”: the comparative analysis of security
intelligence 82
Peter Gill
7 US patronage of German postwar
intelligence 91
Wolfgang Krieger
Part 3: The
intelligence cycle and the search for information: planning,
collecting, and
processing
8 The technical collection of
intelligence 105
Jeffrey T.
Richelson
9 Human source intelligence 118
Frederick P.
Hitz
10 Open source intelligence 129
Robert David
Steele
11 Adapting intelligence to
changing issues 148
Paul R. Pillar
12 The challenges of economic
intelligence 163
Minh A. Luong
Part 4: The
intelligence cycle and the crafting of intelligence reports:
analysis and
dissemination
13 Strategic warning: intelligence
support in a world of uncertainty and surprise 173
Jack Davis
14 Achieving all-source fusion in
the Intelligence Community 189
Richard L.
Russell
15 Adding value to the
intelligence product 199
Stephen Marrin
16 Analysis for strategic
intelligence 211
John Hollister
Hedley
Part 5:
Counterintelligence and covert action
17 Cold War intelligence
defectors 229
Nigel West
18 Counterintelligence failures
in the United States 237
Stan A. Taylor
19 Émigré intelligence reporting:
sifting fact from fiction 253
Mark Stout
20 Linus Pauling: a case study in
counterintelligence run amok 269
Kathryn S.
Olmsted
21 The role of covert action 279
William J.
Daugherty
22 The future of covert action
289
John Prados
PART 6:
Intelligence accountability
23 Intelligence oversight in the
UK: the case of Iraq 301
Mark Phythian
24 Intelligence accountability:
challenges for parliaments and intelligence services 315
Hans Born and
Thorsten Wetzling
25 Intelligence and the rise of
judicial intervention 329
Fred F. Manget
26 A shock theory of
congressional accountability for intelligence 343
Loch K. Johnson
Appendices 361
A The US Intelligence Community
(IC), 2006 363
B Leadership of the US
Intelligence Community (IC), 1947–2006 364
C The intelligence cycle 366
Select
Bibliography 367
Index 371
Figures
10.1 Relationship between open
and classified information operations 131
10.2 Information continuum and
the Seven Tribes 132
10.3 OSINT relevance to global
security threats 134
10.4 OSINT and the four levels of
analysis 136
10.5 OSINT as a transformative
catalyst for reform 137
10.6 Fundamental functions for
online analysis 139
10.7 World Brain operational
planning group virtual private network 140
10.8 Standard OSINT cell 144
24.1 Best practice to ensure
ownership over parliamentary intelligence oversight
procedures 319
24.2 Best practice aimed at
creating “embedded human rights” 322
24.3 Best practice to ensure the
political neutrality of the services 324
26.1 The dominant pattern of
intelligence oversight by lawmakers, 1975–2006 344
Tables
6.1 A map for theorising and
researching intelligence 87
18.1 Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act Court Surveillance Orders issued annually 248
26.1 Type of stimulus and
intelligence oversight response by US lawmakers, 1975–2006 347
26.2 The frequency of low- and
high-threshold intelligence alarms, 1941–2006 349
Michael Andregg is a professor
at the University of St Thomas in St Paul, Minnesota.
Hans Born is a Senior
Fellow in Democratic Governance of the Security Sector at the
Geneva Centre for Democratic
Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF). He holds a Ph.D. and is
a guest lecturer on
civil–military relations at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in
Zurich and on governing nuclear
weapons at the United Nations Disarmament Fellowship
Programme.
William J.
Daugherty holds
a Ph.D. in government from the Claremont Graduate School and
is Associate Professor of
Government at Armstrong Atlantic State University in Savannah,
Georgia. A retired senior officer
in the CIA, he is the author of In the Shadow of the Ayatollah:
A CIA Hostage in
Iran (Annapolis,
2001) and Executive Secrets: Covert Action & the Presidency
(Kentucky, 2004).
Jack Davis served in the
CIA from 1956 to 1990, as analyst and manager and teacher of
analysts. He now is an
Independent Contractor with the Agency, specializing in analytic
methodology. He is a frequent
contributor to the journal Studies in Intelligence.
Peter Gill is Professor of
Politics and Security, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool,
United Kingdom. He is co-author
of Introduction to Politics (1988, 2nd ed.) and Intelligence in an Insecure
World (2006). He is currently researching into the control and oversight of
domestic
security in intelligence
agencies.
John Hollister
Hedley,
during more than thirty years at CIA, edited the President’s Daily Brief,
briefed the PDB at the White
House, served as Managing Editor of the National Intelligence
Daily, and was
Chairman of CIA’s Publications Review Board. Now retired, Dr Hedley
has taught intelligence at
Georgetown University and serves as a consultant to the National
Intelligence Council and the
Center for the Study of Intelligence.
Frederick P.
Hitz is
a Lecturer (Diplomat in Residence) in Public and International Affairs,
Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton
University.
Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones
is
Professor of American History at the University of Edinburgh. The
author of several books on
intelligence history, he is currently completing a study of the FBI.
Loch K. Johnson is Regents
Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of
Georgia and author of several
books and over 100 articles on US intelligence and national
security. His books include The
Making of International Agreements (1984); A Season of Inquiry
(1985); Through the Straits of
Armageddon (1987, co-edited with Paul Diehl), Decisions of the Highest Order
(1988, co-edited with Karl F. Inderfurth); America’s Secret Power (1989);
Runoff Elections in the United States (1993, co-authored with Charles S.
Bullock, III); America As a World Power (1995); Secret Agencies (1996);
Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs (2000); Fateful Decisions (2004,
coedited with Karl F. Inderfurth); Strategic Intelligence (2004,
co-edited with James J. Wirtz); Who’s Watching the Spies? (2005,
co-authored with Hans Born and Ian Leigh); American Foreign Policy (2005,
co-authored with Daniel Papp and John Endicott); and Seven Sins of American
Foreign Policy (2007). He has served as Special Assistant to the chair of
the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1975–76), Staff Director of the
House Subcommittee on Intelligence Oversight (1977–79), and Special Assistant
to the chair of the Aspin-Brown Commission on Intelligence (1995–1996). He is
the Senior Editor of the international journal Intelligence and National
Security.
Wolfgang Krieger
is
Professor of History at Philipps University in Marburg, Germany, and
a frequent contributor to the
international journal Intelligence and National Security.
Ian Leigh is Professor of
Law and the co-director of the Human Rights Centre at the
University of Durham. His books
include In From the Cold: National Security and Parliamentary Democracy (1994,
with Laurence Lustgarten); Making Intelligence Accountable (2005, with
Hans Born); and Who’s Watching the Spies (2005, with Loch K. Johnson and
Hans Born).
Minh A. Luong is Assistant
Director of International Security Studies at Yale University
where he teaches in the Department
of History. He also serves as an adjunct Assistant Professor
of Public Policy at the Taubman
Center at Brown University.
Fred Manget is a member of
the Senior Intelligence Service and a former Deputy General
Counsel of the CIA.
Stephen Marrin is an Assistant
Professor of Intelligence Studies at Mercyhurst College. He
previously served as an analyst
in the CIA and the Government Accountability Office.
Kathryn S.
Olmsted is
Professor of History at the University of California, Davis. She holds a
B.A. degree with Honors and
Distinction in History from Stanford University, and a M.A. and
Ph.D. in History from the
University of California, Davis. She is author of Challenging the Secret Government:
The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (University of North
Carolina Press, 1996) and Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (University
of North Carolina Press, 2002).
Mark Phythian is Professor of
International Security and Director of the History and Governance Research
Institute at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. He is the
author of Intelligence in an
Insecure World (2006, with Peter Gill), The Politics of British Arms
Sales Since 1964 (2000), and Arming Iraq (1997), as well as numerous
journal articles on intelligence and security issues.
Paul R. Pillar is on the
faculty of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University.
Concluding a long career in the
CIA, he served as National Intelligence Officer for the Near
East and South Asia from 2000 to
2005.
John Prados is an analyst of
national security based in Washington, DC. He holds a Ph.D. from
Columbia University and focuses
on presidential power, international relations, intelligence and
military affairs. He is a project
director with the National Security Archive. Prados is author of
a dozen books, and editor of
others, among them titles on World War II, the Vietnam War,
intelligence matters, and
military affairs, including Hoodwinked: The Documents That Reveal How Bush
Sold Us a War, Inside the Pentagon Papers (edited with Margaret
Pratt-Porter), Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of U.S.
Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, Lost Crusader: The Secret
Wars of CIA Director William Colby, White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the
President (edited), America Responds to Terrorism (edited), The
Hidden History of the Vietnam War, Operation Vulture, The Blood Road: The Ho
Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon
Covert Operations from World War II Through the Persian Gulf, Keepers of the
Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush, and The
Soviet Estimate: U.S.Intelligence and Soviet Strategic Forces, among
others. His current book is Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA.
Jeffrey T.
Richelson is
a Senior Fellow with the National Security Archive in Washington,
DC, and author of The Wizards
of Langley, The US Intelligence Community, A Century of Spies, and America’s
Eyes in Space, as well as numerous articles on intelligence activities. He
received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Rochester and
has taught at the University of
Texas, Austin, and the American
University, Washington, DC.
Richard L.
Russell is
Professor of National Security Studies at the National Defense University.
He is also an adjunct Associate
Professor in the Security Studies Program and Research
Associate in the Institute for
the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University. He previously
served as a CIA
political-military analyst. Russell is the author of Weapons Proliferation
and War in the Greater Middle East: Strategic Contest (2005).
Robert David
Steele (Vivas)
is CEO of OSS.Net, Inc., an international open source intelligence
provider. As the son of an
oilman, a Marine Corps infantry officer, and a clandestine
intelligence case officer for the
Central Intelligence Agency, he has spent over twenty years
abroad, in Asia and Central and
South America. As a civilian intelligence officer he spent three
back-to-back tours overseas,
including one tour as one of the first officers assigned full time to
terrorism, and three headquarters
tours in offensive counterintelligence, advanced information
technology, and satellite program
management. He resigned from the CIA in 1988 to be the
senior civilian founder of the
Marine Corps Intelligence Command. He resigned from the
Marines in 1993. He is the author
of four works on intelligence, as well as the editor of a book
on peacekeeping intelligence. He
has earned graduate degrees in International Relations
and Public Administration, is a
graduate of the Naval War College, and has a certificate in
Intelligence Policy. He is also a
graduate of the Marine Corps Command and Staff Course, and
of the CIA’s Mid-Career Course
101.
Mark Stout is a defense
analyst at a think-tank in the Washington DC area. Previously, he
has served in a variety of
positions in the Defense Department, the State Department, and the
CIA. He has a bachelor’s degree
from Stanford University (1986) in Political Science and
Mathematical and Computational
Science, and a master’s degree in Public Policy from the John
F. Kennedy School of Government
at Harvard University (1988). He is presently pursuing a
Ph.D. in military history with
the University of Leeds.
Stan A. Taylor is an Emeritus
Professor of Political Science at Brigham Young University in
Provo, Utah. He has taught in
England, Wales, and New Zealand and in 2006 was a visiting
professor at the University of
Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. He is founder of the David M.
Kennedy Center for International
Studies at Brigham Young University. He writes frequently
on intelligence, national
security, and US foreign policy.
Michael Warner serves as the
Historian for the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence.
Nigel West is a military
historian specializing in security and intelligence topics. He is the
European Editor of The World
Intelligence Review and is on the faculty at the Center for
Counterintelligence and Security
Studies in Washington, DC. He is the author of more than
two dozen works of non-fiction
and most recently edited The Guy Liddell Diaries.
Thorsten
Wetzling is
a doctoral candidate at the Geneva Graduate Institute of International
Studies (IUHEI) and is writing
his dissertation on international intelligence cooperation
and democratic accountability. He
teaches seminars in political science and international
organization at the IUHEI.
James J. Wirtz is a Professor
in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California. He is the Section Chair of the Intelligence Studies
Section of the International
Studies Association, and President of the International Security
and Arms Control Section of the
American Political Science Association. Professor Wirtz is the
series editor for Initiatives
in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies, which is published by Palgrave Macmillan.
